https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing daily 0.75 2026-04-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/be7a692e-b1c2-445e-abea-ca01186b13d7/Me+with+meg+tooth.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/b86b7859-c0f3-4620-ac4a-28da5d4a7a18/Juan+art.jpg https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/just-how-far-north-was-megalodons-range monthly 0.5 2026-02-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/186871b3-4987-4620-887f-a149ea26bb43/Screenshot_2-2-2026_13648_stri-sites.si.edu.jpeg Writing - Just how far north was megalodon’s range? - Make it stand out Figure 1. Occurrences of Otodus megalodon as recorded by the PBDB in 2016. This was the map that, to my knowledge, first visualised just how widespread megalodon was. Blue dots represent confirmed fossil occurrences while yellow dots mark more dubious records. Sourced from Figure 1 of Pimiento et al. (2016). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/5c94ecaf-392e-475b-8de1-80077cd31d93/Figure+2-1.png Writing - Just how far north was megalodon’s range? - Make it stand out Figure 2. Otodus megalodon occurrences showcasing Canada as the northernmost record of the West Atlantic Ocean and Denmark as the northernmost record overall. Data are downloaded from the supplementary material of Pimiento et al. (2016), with new records since then added. These include new data from Romania (Trif et al. 2016), Indonesia (Razak & Kocsis 2018), Argentina (De Pasqua et al. 2021), the Pacific Ocean and other offshore records from the historical literature (Pollerspöck et al. 2023), the South Atlantic Ocean (Baptista et al. 2026) and Canada (Bateman & Larsson 2024). Epoch ages are based on an average over long temporal timeframes and should not necessarily be taken at face value, particularly for specimens found in the middle of the ocean. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/47e29a79-1870-4715-bdcd-4039bdac8d22/Screenshot_24-1-2026_203722_mc06.manuscriptcentral.com.jpeg Writing - Just how far north was megalodon’s range? Figure 3. Five of the eight teeth described in Louis-Philippe’s study (Bateman & Larsson 2024), with the scale bar being 10 cm. Sourced from Figure 3 of Bateman & Larsson (2024). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/93c272bf-a1e3-4368-b807-9257860f7009/Figure+4-1.png Writing - Just how far north was megalodon’s range? - Make it stand out Figure 4. Otodus megalodon occurrences, identical to Figure 2; but with a question mark highlighting the possible Hansemann (1910) record discussed by Greenfield (2026) and Bateman & Larsson (2026). Note that the tooth would be more than 20 degrees of latitude higher than the northernmost confirmed record from Denmark (Bendix-Almgreen 1983; Bateman & Larsson 2024). Beyond finding the 1910 tooth, new research attempting to find if O. megalodon lived further north than Denmark should look at fossils from Scandinavia. Epoch ages are based on an average over long temporal timeframes and should not necessarily be taken at face value, particularly for specimens found in the middle of the ocean. https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/shark-whisperer-is-lying-to-you monthly 0.5 2025-11-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/c4379fad-440a-4a48-bcf7-eb66ef928b6d/Figure+1_Deep+Blue.webp Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 1: A now famous picture of Ocean Ramsey diving in 2019 alongside a large (and misidentified) great white shark. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/5f379901-6441-4268-b38f-e2fa4124d23d/Figure+2_ethology+screenshot.png Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 2: A search for ethology courses, which Ocean Ramsey claims to have a masters degree in, at the University of Hawaii where Ocean Ramsey claims to have studied. As you can see, when you search for this, you get no results… implying that such a course doesn’t exist. Now it could be that this is a department-level search and therefore an ethology masters was just part of a more broad department, but google also gave me back no results for this… https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/2b9a45a2-263a-4df9-bbed-bac328fa8427/Figure+3.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 3: An image of Ocean Ramsey riding a great white shark by gripping its dorsal fin, a part of the body vital for stabilised swimming (Lingham-Soliar 2005). Such swimming could be jeopardised by Ramsey’s antics here (Martin 2007). Image taken presumably by Juan Oliphant. Figure 3: An image of Ocean Ramsey riding a great white shark’s dorsal fin https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/aa39ff03-bf53-4c9f-b788-92cbdb807b2d/Figure+4_Jesus+pose.png Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 4: A scene from the opening credits of Shark Whisperer where Ocean Ramsey is, bizarrely, seen doing a Jesus pose underwater. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/f6cc9648-cc1a-4a30-a4d8-b94cd3c58517/Figure+5_shark+attacks.png Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 5: Results of all shark attacks in Hawaii from 1828 to the present recorded in Hawaii, including in O’ahu. Taken from the International Shark Attack File. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/8af65c5e-f971-4382-866a-c0f0faac8c1c/Figure+6_Juan+white+shark+image.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 6: One of Juan Oliphant’s most well-known images of Ocean Ramsey diving with the large great white shark in 2019. Figure 6: One of Juan Oliphant’s impressive photos of Ramsey’s antics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/5b02ca6f-649c-4b84-94a7-ed567e1e87f8/Figure+7_boat+by+carcass_Jamm+Aquino.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 7: Boaters observing the carcass of the dead sperm whale fed on by the large great white shark in 2019. This is just one example of people immediately rushing towards the carcass following the viral footage, activities which disrupted shark feeding. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/5600918b-12b1-4a29-b00d-68544a4540ce/gmfw_a_215414_o_f0006g.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 8: Agonistic behaviours by sharks in response to harassment by humans, sourced from Figure 6 of Martin (2007). I’ll let the original paper’s caption do the talking: “Shark–human interaction scenarios likely to elicit agonistic displays in sharks. (a) Diver approach angle and relative degree of shark agitation, represented by arrow thickness, (b) crowding a shark against the bottom, (c) crowding a shark against the bottom, a reef pinnacle, and a boat, (d) diver maintaining a 12 o’clock position above a shark's back as it swims over the bottom. Dashed circle = diver distance at which agonistic display is initiated.” Now, do any of these human behaviours around the shark look familiar? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/b1b5b686-26d8-42a7-b6ba-f9d74a3e25e0/science.adn1477-fa+%281%29.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 9: Total catch and global Red List Index decline of shark and ray populations from the 1950s to the 2020s. Sourced from the graphical abstract of Dulvy et al. (2024). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/7fe15728-b648-404e-bef4-ab7ae427b467/gr3_lrg.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 10: Sourced from Figure 3a of Dulvy et al. (2021), highlighting how overfishing (exploitation) is by far the biggest threat to sharks globally. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/a6358f61-c349-458e-9322-ab6d4f7a2fa3/Figure+11_White+shark+Africa.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 11: A magical moment during one of my internships in South Africa where I locked eyes with a great white shark while chumming. The photo was taken by a tourist who captured the moment. Notice how I was able to appreciate the beauty and awe of this incredible animal (and tell tourists of shark conservation) without jumping into the sea to ride on her dorsal fin. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/59b7bafc-6fe1-4ef3-8578-e8303f111c87/Figure+12_Jackass+shark+week.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 12: The poster for Jackass Shark Week, where one of the participants was bitten by a bull shark after an intentionally stupid stunt went wrong. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/0b364b92-41af-47e7-9cf5-2cf3713fd97c/Figure+14_Roxy.webp Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 13: A tragically injured tiger shark named “Roxy”, who is featured prominently in the film. Her story is fascinating but sadly no data or scientific record have ever been made of this individual, something that would undoubtedly be valuable. Image by Juan Oliphant. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/af171a8b-aab8-43a4-a0e1-09730e27100f/Figure+15_bill.png Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 14: Details of the shark fishing ban in Hawaii, directly from the bill. Note where the new law does not apply. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/bafd06fb-ac5c-45db-bfcc-add17ab24bea/Figure+16_Worm+et+al.+2024+Fig+2.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 15: Spatial changes in annual mortality of shark populations, showing increases (red), decreases (blue) or no change (grey) over the last decade. Sourced from Figure 2e of Worm et al. (2024). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/c33ed7ec-e215-42e3-bde8-23a4fc5ea2db/Figure+18_MH370+doc.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 16: The poster for Netflix’s MH370: The plane that disappeared (2023), another case study of a Netflix documentary platforming absolute rubbish and not solving the wider issue being addressed. Might actually be the worst documentary I’ve ever watched. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/6946b11f-1a8f-49e3-aed2-aa30538a4059/Figure+19_Fig+1+of+Gauna+and+Sternes+2024.png Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Figure 17: A small and unusually white great white shark filmed by a drone off the California coast. The white film on its body is hypothesised as either a skin condition or uterine milk, implying this individual may be a fresh newborn. Whatever the case, this important observation was possible with a drone without invading the shark’s space. Images by Carlos Gauna. Sourced from Figure 1 of Gauna & Sternes (2024). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/b83a1446-d03a-4c64-b182-ef3f6a12dbb3/Figure+20_Oceans+with+David+Attenborough.jpg Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 18: The poster for Ocean with David Attenborough (Silverback Films). I cannot recommend this film enough for its strength in highlighting the dangers of overfishing to the entire ocean, including sharks. I can only do so much justice to the film, so if you want a full break down, you can read this review here instead. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/c963bab4-b5b6-47d7-bb1c-07af12aae846/Figure+21_Shark+Whisperer+poster.webp Writing - Shark Whisperer is lying to you: a look into the harmful effects of Ocean Ramsey and shark influencers - Make it stand out Figure 19: The documentary in question. Takeaway: it is lying to you and it is a rubbish film. https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/megalodon-and-its-relatives-were-super-predators-that-ate-whatever-they-wanted monthly 0.5 2025-08-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/eb96ef97-524c-4b6a-84a9-bb6dab4190a4/Figure+1.png Writing - Megalodon and its relatives were super-predators that ate whatever they wanted - Make it stand out Figure 1. Palaeoartistic depictions of Otodus megalodon predations on whales and the “bite mark” trace fossils left behind. (A) a predation of the small baleen whale Piscobalaena nana; sourced from the graphical abstract of Collareta et al. (2017), with artwork by Alberto Gennari; (B) a breaching predation of a baleen whale; artwork by Clarence Schumaker; and (C) the damaged vertebra left behind showing evidence of healing; studied by Godfrey & Beatty (2022). Panels B and C are sourced from Bird (2022). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/25ebf262-05ee-4d9f-a5a2-36b26356b15b/Figure+2_Fig+1+from+paper.jpg Writing - Megalodon and its relatives were super-predators that ate whatever they wanted - Make it stand out Figure 2. Zinc isotope values from the Early Miocene of Germany across two different formations; showcasing differences in trophic level between populations of the examined species. This figure is sourced from Figure 1 of McCormack et al. (2025). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/4239c86d-5646-4435-bd95-01ab06467875/Figure+3_Fig+4+from+paper.jpg Writing - Megalodon and its relatives were super-predators that ate whatever they wanted - Make it stand out Figure 3. Zinc isotope values of Miocene and living shark teeth showcasing differences across both populations and species. This figure is sourced from Figure 4 of McCormack et al. (2025). https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/new-studies-highlight-the-use-and-limitations-of-using-teeth-to-infer-ecology-in-ancient-sharks monthly 0.5 2025-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/a5ec906e-d80d-4be8-941e-3e33f732aa50/Figure+1_Fig+1+from+2023+paper.jpg Writing - New studies highlight the use and limitations of teeth as ecological proxies in ancient sharks - Make it stand out Figure 1. The conceptual approach of my first PhD chapter (Cooper et al. 2023). Q1 is answered using the following steps: (a) taxonomic, dental character (DC) and corresponding functional trait (T) data are extracted from the literature; (b) the dental characters most commonly and broadly used as proxies for individual traits are identified; and (c) individual links between dental character states (CS) and trait modalities (TM) are quantified. (d) A graphical example of dental characters and their use as proxies for functional traits. Q2 is answered using the following steps: (e) dental characters and trait values are recorded from jaw specimens from museum collections; and validation analyses performed on this data, specifically (f) PCA to identify which dental characters drive trait variation; and (g) classification tree analysis to find which dental characters best explain trait values. This figure is sourced from Figure 1 of Cooper et al. (2023). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/a008142f-f05f-4907-a43a-fbd1b65a63f3/Figure+2_Fig+6+from+2023+paper.jpg Writing - New studies highlight the use and limitations of teeth as ecological proxies in ancient sharks - Make it stand out Figure 2. Classification tree analyses on dental characters recorded from the museum data set. Each tree is related to a single functional trait as follows: (a) body size, (b) prey preference and (c) feeding mechanism. Nodes are produced by splitting the data based on the presence of the dental character states recorded as predictors. The proportional node contributions to the entire data set are included alongside the most common trait value making up each node. This figure is sourced from Figure 6 of Cooper et al. (2023). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/4cd33240-69aa-40dd-9e4d-17615201d773/Figure+3_Fig+1+from+2024+paper.jpg Writing - New studies highlight the use and limitations of teeth as ecological proxies in ancient sharks - Make it stand out Figure 3. Functional space of Cenozoic sharks as investigated by my second PhD paper. (a) Structure of the three-dimensional functional space for all sharks. Black dots represent the highest and lowest scoring taxon per axis, with their corresponding teeth illustrated and numbered following an accompanying legend. Grey dots mark all other taxa. (b–h) Shark functional spaces over time, with the volume of space occupied in each time bin (i.e., functional richness) depicted by coloured convex hulls. Coloured dots denote taxa present in each assemblage, while grey dots represent absent taxa. Turquoise and orange dots denote taxa with the highest FOri and FSpe scores, respectively, which are detailed in the legend. (i) Convex hulls of extinct (blue) and extant (grey) sharks. This figure is sourced from Figure 1 of Cooper & Pimiento (2024). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/bd7d4c60-3d0e-4a82-9b1c-7ce658dee27d/Figure+4_weird+sharks.png Writing - New studies highlight the use and limitations of teeth as ecological proxies in ancient sharks - Make it stand out Figure 4. Some bizarre Mesozoic and Palaeozoic sharks unlike any living shark. (a) Aquilolamna milarcae, reported by Vullo et al. (2021). Artwork by Oscar Sanisidro. (b) Ptychodus, reported by Vullo et al. (2024). Artwork by Frederik Spindler. (c) Helicoprion davisii. Artwork available on the Helicoprion Wikipedia page and credited to “Entelognathus”. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/e3333dc2-4fb0-4a21-8b9b-dda040060054/Figure+5.png Writing - New studies highlight the use and limitations of teeth as ecological proxies in ancient sharks - Make it stand out Figure 5. Palaeoartistic reconstruction of male and female individuals of the hybodont Hybodus hauffianus. Artwork available on the Hybodus Wikipedia page and credited to “Gasmasque”. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/cb88cd37-83d4-480e-a8d4-9ad4ad28ca2a/Figure+6_Fig+3+from+Estevan+paper.jpg Writing - New studies highlight the use and limitations of teeth as ecological proxies in ancient sharks - Make it stand out Figure 6. Teeth of Priohybodus arambourgi from the Aliança Formation of Brazil (Upper Jurassic) with scale bars marking 5 mm. This figure is sourced from Figure 3 of Eltink et al. (2025). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/e7e8b92b-d6ab-45b3-b9fd-999aff6c7eed/Figure+7.png Writing - New studies highlight the use and limitations of teeth as ecological proxies in ancient sharks - Make it stand out Figure 7. The tooth of Ctenacanthus concinnus, sourced from Figure 1 of Greif et al. (2025); and a palaeoartistic reconstruction of the shark, found on the Ctenacanthus Wikipedia page and credited to “Gasmasque”. https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/the-story-of-alisha-how-a-recovered-tag-revealed-one-great-white-sharks-epic-voyage monthly 0.5 2025-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/21982cba-4ec3-4f74-b38b-a18a0cf98324/Figure+1_Fig+2+from+Bonfil+paper.jpeg Writing - The story of Alisha: how a recovered tag revealed one great white shark’s epic voyage - Make it stand out Figure 1. The dorsal fin of Nicole, showing markings and edge ridges confirming her identity both during her initial tagging (November 2003) and when she returned from Australia (August 2004). This figure is sourced from Figure 2 of Bonfil et al. 2005. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/425d40c5-20eb-4f25-b9fa-52c489083e6c/Figure+2_complete.png Writing - The story of Alisha: how a recovered tag revealed one great white shark’s epic voyage - Make it stand out Figure 2. Examples of sharks migrating long distances across oceans. (a) a whale shark from Guzman et al. (2018); (b) a basking shark from Gore et al. (2008); (c) a bull shark from Daly et al. (2025); and (d) a silky shark from Salinas-de-León et al. (2024). All maps are sourced from figures within these papers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/940d51f2-a134-4933-9b30-bb33f6404ac9/Figure+3_recovered+tag.jpg Writing - The story of Alisha: how a recovered tag revealed one great white shark’s epic voyage - Make it stand out Figure 3. The recovered tag from Alisha. Photo provided by Madison Stewart. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/3be66f56-604a-405b-b367-a35aa7735450/Figure+4_Fig+1+from+paper.jpg Writing - The story of Alisha: how a recovered tag revealed one great white shark’s epic voyage - Make it stand out Figure 4. Photos of Alisha’s dorsal fin (a) taken from tagging in Gansbaai, South Africa, in May 2012; (b) taken from a cage diving vessel in Gansbaai in September 2012; and (c) taken from the landing vessel in Indonesia in 2016. Sourced from Figure 1 of Irion et al. (2025). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/10cd6179-f103-4bf5-bd69-b2ca6f2e1697/Figure+5_Fig+2+from+paper.jpg Writing - The story of Alisha: how a recovered tag revealed one great white shark’s epic voyage - Make it stand out Figure 5. The journey taken by Alisha from South Africa all the way to Indonesia, connecting the two habitats. Figure sourced from Figure 2 of Irion et al. (2025). https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/megalodon-may-have-been-looked-like-a-big-lemon-shark monthly 0.5 2025-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/898a65b4-4076-43ab-abfe-ed584791b88d/Meg+tooth.jpg Writing - Megalodon may have looked like a big lemon shark Figure 1. A megalodon tooth from the collections of the University of Bristol compared against my own hand. Taken in 2018 during my master’s course. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/8580ae0e-835c-45d1-906d-db15cdbca3d6/Ollie+Meg.jpg Writing - Megalodon may have looked like a big lemon shark - Make it stand out Figure 2. The old “bulky” reconstruction based on my 2020 paper (Cooper et al. 2020). Artwork by Oliver E. Demuth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/66c41492-696e-4846-88a4-40a8c01c4612/Figure+3.jpg Writing - Megalodon may have looked like a big lemon shark - Figure 3. A schematic illustration detailing the paper’s new method of estimating megalodon body size based on NP (neurocranium proportion), TP (trunk proportion; with the length of IRSNB P 9893 used as such), and CP (caudal proportion) of 165 living and extinct sharks. A crocodile shark is used as basis. Sourced from Figure 1b and c of Shimada et al. (2025); see the paper for further details. Figure 3. A schematic illustration detailing the paper’s new method of estimating megalodon body size based on NP (neurocranium proportion), TP (trunk proportion; with the length of IRSNB P 9893 used as such), and CP (caudal proportion) of 165 living and extinct sharks. A crocodile shark is used as basis. Sourced from Figure 1b and c of Shimada et al. (2025); see the paper for further details. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/b02b340d-e350-4f3f-b3f2-9f8ed5458af3/Figure+4.jpg Writing - Megalodon may have looked like a big lemon shark - Make it stand out Figure 4. A summary of the hydrodynamic results of the paper (Shimada et al. 2025). (A) depicts effects of allometry on bodies of lemon shark, white shark and porbeagle shark under gigantism and the calculated fineness of megalodon. (B) exhibits relationship between fineness ratio and body size in large marine taxa. (C) shows mean growth trajectories projected of the lemon, white and porbeagle shark bodies when extrapolated to megalodon size. Sourced from Figure 4 of Shimada et al. (2025); see the paper for full details. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/19c4b058-9323-4d17-ab55-820e9994f3b4/Palaeoart_together.png Writing - Megalodon may have looked like a big lemon shark - Make it stand out Figure 5. Two different palaeo-artistic interpretations of the “slender megalodon”. The top artwork is by Julius Csotonyi and is sourced from Long (2024). The bottom artwork is by Rhys Meyerkort. https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/a-recent-study-uncovers-a-trophic-cascade-after-great-white-sharks-disappear monthly 0.5 2025-07-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/22d2f67c-c293-442d-9ef9-048792e5f175/Figure+1_Fig+1+of+Myers+et+al.+2007.jpeg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 1. The classic case study of a trophic cascade when apex predatory sharks are lost. This shows change in relative abundance over time in species at each trophic level as estimated from individual data sources: apex predatory sharks (top), elasmobranch mesopredators like the crowned rays (middle), and bay scallops (bottom). This figure is sourced from Figure 1 of Myers et al. (2007). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/38557865-ba33-415d-a084-8ffedacd2118/Figure+2_Fig+1+of+Bowlby+et+al.+2023.jpg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 2. Great white shark aggregation sites in South Africa, marked in solid circles. The three leftmost sites from the Western Cape – False Bay, Gansbaai and Mossel Bay – are the sites where great white sharks have declined in recent years. This figure is sourced from Figure 1 of Bowlby et al. (2023). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/99da6a4c-772d-4177-abfb-0fc10b44eb28/Figure+3_Esther_Port+and+Starboard.jpg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 3. Port (left) and Starboard (right), two male killer whales that are known predators of great white sharks in South Africa. Photo taken by Esther Jacobs. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/87bbc697-5148-4813-b842-2474ed9bbcc5/Figure+4_Dead+white+shark.jpg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 4. The necropsy of a 4.1 m male great white shark that was killed by killer whales for its liver, recovered on June 24th 2017 (Towner et al. 2022). The killers were most likely Port and Starboard, who were seen in the area at around the same time the necropsy was being conducted. Included as part of the necropsy are Mary Rowlinson (left), who headed my internship at White Shark Diving Company, and Dr Alison Towner (middle), who led the necropsy and all subsequent studies on Port and Starboard (Towner et al. 2022; 2023; 2024). Photo taken by Jack Cooper. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/55e7c85c-bbbb-446b-82e7-6dabaec0b9a1/Figure+5_Fig+2+of+paper.jpg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 5. Annual mean and standard error sightings of the great white shark in False Bay between 2000 and 2020. This figure is sourced from Figure 2 of Hammerschlag et al. (2025). Pre- and post-loss refer to periods prior to and following the decline of great white sharks respectively. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/d21cec3e-d58b-42e9-81a2-247ff358e216/Figure+6_Fig+6+of+paper.jpg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 6. Annual mean and standard error sightings of the sevengill shark in False Bay between 2000 and 2020. This figure is sourced from Figure 6 of Hammerschlag et al. (2025). Pre- and post-loss refer to periods prior to and following the decline of great white sharks respectively. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/016f7229-98d0-4d9c-95ad-b209c7169f83/Figure+7_Fig+5+of+paper.jpg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 7. Annual sightings of the cape fur seal in False Bay between 2000 and 2020. This figure is sourced from the top half of Figure 5 of Hammerschlag et al. (2025). Pre- and post-loss refer to periods prior to and following the decline of great white sharks respectively. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/679b95b5ffa5947e548d90e1/f13a2630-f5a4-43b3-9969-7e4d8942e916/Figure+8_graphical+abstract.jpg Writing - A recent study uncovers a trophic cascade after great white sharks disappear - Make it stand out Figure 8. The graphical abstract from Hammerschlag et al. (2025) that summarises the key result of the study. 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